O suicídio na adolescência contemporânea: um dizer da psicanálise e a ética da escuta.

Abstract

The World Health Organization (WHO) analyzes with concern the suicide indicators, which point out that Brazil doesn't follow the worldwide trend of case reduction but presents even more expressive numbers in the age group from 15 to 19 years. This research aimed to analyze the teenagers' protagonism in the transition to the suicide act, facing the contemporary malaise and making a counterpoint to the universal prevention policies and singular listening to subjects. We describe how psychoanalysis has focused on the topic since Freud and how, despite the advancements in theoretical formulations, suicide remained an enigma in Freudian texts. In Freudian texts, the propositions on the identification with the lost object, the death drive, and pulsional defusion served as an important theoretical framework that seems to outline a metapsychology of suicide. The revisiting of Freudian approach on suicide made by Lacan, with the concept of acting out as an attempt to address the Other, and the passage to the act, as an extreme act in face of the anguish of reality, constituted an important theoretical and clinical advancement to think about the propensity of acting in adolescence. Based on an interpretation of contemporary malaise and its reverberations in social relationships, we discuss the teenagers' passing in a scenario of a decline of the paternal reference that characterizes the current context. This path has allowed us to analyze that adolescence - marked by ambivalence and separation, both from physical and symbolic references - leads the subject to vulnerabilities, risks, and actions that often leave him in extreme situations, living life but flirting with death. In this research, we analyzed critically the policies and strategies of suicide prevention adopted by WHO and correlated institutions, opposing the possibility of an ethical discourse that psychoanalysis conceives regarding the subjects. This path challenges us to seek subsidies to think and propose intervention strategies and clinical dispositions, which allow the adolescent subject to build knowledge about himself based on his suffering, where an address to the Other becomes possible, despite all the difficulties of mental health services. The proposed challenge is not to retreat in the face of suicide in adolescence, which imposes a call for psychoanalysis to the public scene, not only as a technique but mainly as an ethic that can reposition the subject in the face of his suffering, making the listening as a basis for a new ground in their lives.